Free Life in the UK Test Practice · Chapter Quiz
Early & Medieval History
55 original questions on this handbook topic, one at a time. Score and full explanations at the end. Free, no signup.
From the Stone Age and the Romans through the Anglo-Saxons, 1066, Magna Carta and the Black Death to the start of the Wars of the Roses.
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Question 1 of 55.Which prehistoric monument in Wiltshire is thought to have been a special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies?
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Which prehistoric monument in Wiltshire is thought to have been a special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies?
- Skara Brae
- Maiden Castle
- Stonehenge (correct answer)
- Hadrian's Wall
Stonehenge, in the English county of Wiltshire, was probably a special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies during the Stone Age. Skara Brae is a Stone Age village but it is on Orkney off the north coast of Scotland; Maiden Castle is a much later Iron Age hill fort in Dorset; and Hadrian's Wall was built by the Romans.
Where is the best-preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe, dating from the Stone Age?
- Skara Brae on Orkney (correct answer)
- Sutton Hoo in Suffolk
- Maiden Castle in Dorset
- Runnymede in Surrey
Skara Brae, on Orkney off the north coast of Scotland, is the best-preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe and has helped historians understand Stone Age life. Sutton Hoo is a much later Anglo-Saxon burial site; Maiden Castle is an Iron Age hill fort; and Runnymede is where Magna Carta was agreed in 1215.
Roughly how long ago did the last Ice Age end, allowing the first people to settle in Britain?
- About 10,000 years ago (correct answer)
- About 1,000 years ago
- About 100,000 years ago
- About 1 million years ago
For most of Britain's early history it was connected to the continent by land, and people came and went as the ice advanced and retreated. The first people to live in Britain permanently arrived after the last Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago, and Britain became separated from the continent by the Channel around that time.
During which period were the first coins to be minted in Britain produced, some carrying the names of Iron Age kings?
- The Iron Age (correct answer)
- The Bronze Age
- The Roman occupation
- The Anglo-Saxon period
The Iron Age people of Britain made the first coins to be minted in the country, and some were inscribed with the names of Iron Age kings. This shows how organised these communities were before the Romans arrived. The Bronze Age came earlier and did not use coins, while Roman and Anglo-Saxon coinage came later.
The language spoken by the people of Iron Age Britain belonged to which family of languages?
- The Latin family
- The Germanic family
- The Slavic family
- The Celtic family (correct answer)
The people of the Iron Age spoke a language that was part of the Celtic language family. Related Celtic languages are still spoken today in parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Latin arrived with the Romans, and Germanic languages came later with the Anglo-Saxons, forming the basis of modern English.
Maiden Castle in Dorset is an example of what kind of Iron Age structure?
- A Roman fort
- A Norman castle
- A stone circle
- A hill fort (correct answer)
Maiden Castle, in the English county of Dorset, is an impressive example of an Iron Age hill fort. Despite its name it is not a stone castle at all but a series of huge earthwork defences. Roman forts and Norman stone castles came centuries later, and stone circles such as Stonehenge date from the earlier Stone Age.
In which year did Julius Caesar lead a Roman invasion of Britain that was ultimately unsuccessful?
- AD 410
- AD 43
- 55 BC (correct answer)
- AD 789
Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC, but this was unsuccessful and Britain remained independent for nearly another century. The successful Roman conquest came in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius. AD 410 is when the Romans left Britain, and AD 789 marks the first Viking raids.
Under which Roman emperor did the successful conquest of Britain begin in AD 43?
- Julius Caesar
- Claudius (correct answer)
- Hadrian
- Constantine
The Roman conquest of most of Britain succeeded in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, beginning around 400 years of Roman rule. Julius Caesar had led an earlier, unsuccessful invasion in 55 BC. Hadrian is remembered for the wall built during his reign, and Constantine ruled later in the Roman period.
Which tribal leader led an uprising against the Roman army and is still remembered today, with a statue near the Houses of Parliament?
- Kenneth MacAlpin
- Alfred the Great
- Robert the Bruce
- Boudicca (correct answer)
Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni tribe in what is now eastern England, led an uprising against the Romans. She is still remembered today, and there is a statue of her on Westminster Bridge in London, near the Houses of Parliament. Alfred the Great, Robert the Bruce and Kenneth MacAlpin were all much later figures from the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods.
Why did the Romans build Hadrian's Wall in the north of England?
- To keep out the Vikings from Scandinavia
- To mark the border with Wales
- To keep out the Picts, ancestors of the Scottish people (correct answer)
- To defend against the Norman invasion
The Romans never conquered what is now Scotland, and the Emperor Hadrian built a wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts, who were the ancestors of the Scottish people. Parts of Hadrian's Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda, can still be visited today. The Vikings and Normans arrived long after the Romans had left.
Which of the following is something the Romans introduced to Britain during their rule?
- The English language
- New buildings, roads and public baths (correct answer)
- The Magna Carta
- The feudal system
The Romans remained in Britain for about 400 years and built roads and public buildings, created a structure of law, and introduced new plants and animals. The first Christian communities also began to appear in Britain during this time. The English language came later with the Anglo-Saxons, while Magna Carta and feudalism belong to the much later medieval period.
In which year did the Roman army leave Britain, and it was never invaded by the Roman army again?
- AD 43
- AD 1066
- AD 600
- AD 410 (correct answer)
The Roman army left Britain in AD 410 to defend other parts of the Roman Empire, and it was never invaded by the Roman army again. AD 43 was when the conquest began under Claudius, by around AD 600 the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established, and 1066 was the Norman Conquest.
During which period did the first Christian communities begin to appear in Britain?
- The Stone Age
- The Roman period (correct answer)
- The Iron Age
- The Viking period
The first Christian communities began to appear in Britain during the third and fourth centuries AD, while the Romans were still in control. Christianity later spread more widely under the Anglo-Saxons through missionaries such as St Augustine and St Columba. The Stone Age and Iron Age came before Christianity reached Britain.
The tribes that invaded Britain after the Romans left and gave their languages to modern English were the Jutes, the Angles and which other group?
- The Normans
- The Saxons (correct answer)
- The Vikings
- The Picts
After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons. Their languages are the basis of modern-day English, and the areas they conquered became known collectively as Anglo-Saxon. The Normans and Vikings arrived later, while the Picts lived in the north of what is now Scotland.
By roughly which date had Anglo-Saxon kingdoms become established across much of Britain?
- About AD 600 (correct answer)
- About AD 410
- About AD 43
- About AD 1066
By about AD 600, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established across most of what is now England, though parts of the west of Britain, including much of what is now Wales, remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule. AD 43 and AD 410 mark the arrival and departure of the Romans, and 1066 was the Norman Conquest.
The Anglo-Saxon burial site at Sutton Hoo, where a king was buried in a ship covered by a mound of earth, is in which modern English county?
- Dorset
- Suffolk (correct answer)
- Wiltshire
- Kent
One of the most important Anglo-Saxon sites is at Sutton Hoo, in modern-day Suffolk. Here a king was buried with treasure and armour, all placed in a ship that was then covered by a mound of earth. Dorset has the Iron Age Maiden Castle, Wiltshire has Stonehenge, and Kent is associated with St Augustine.
St Augustine, who led missionaries from Rome to spread Christianity in the south of Britain, became the first holder of which position?
- First Archbishop of Canterbury (correct answer)
- First King of England
- First Bishop of Iona
- First Prime Minister
The Anglo-Saxons were not Christians when they first came to Britain, but during this period missionaries spread the religion. St Augustine led missionaries from Rome and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. St Columba worked further north, and the roles of King of England and Prime Minister came much later.
Which missionary founded a monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is now Scotland?
- St Augustine
- St Patrick
- St Columba (correct answer)
- St David
St Columba founded a monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is now Scotland, helping to spread Christianity in the north of Britain. St Augustine led the mission in the south and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, while St Patrick and St David are the patron saints of Ireland and Wales respectively.
The Vikings who first raided Britain came mainly from which two countries?
- France and Germany
- Denmark and Norway (correct answer)
- Ireland and Iceland
- Sweden and Finland
The Vikings came from Denmark and Norway. They first visited Britain in AD 789 to raid coastal towns and take away goods and slaves, but they later began to stay and form their own communities in the east of England and Scotland. The Normans came from France, but that was a later, separate invasion in 1066.
In which year did the Vikings first raid the coast of Britain?
- AD 410
- AD 789 (correct answer)
- AD 600
- AD 1066
The Vikings first visited Britain in AD 789, coming to raid coastal towns and carry off goods and slaves. Over time they began to settle, especially in the east of England and Scotland. AD 410 marks the Romans leaving, AD 600 the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, and 1066 the Norman Conquest.
Which Anglo-Saxon king is remembered for uniting the Anglo-Saxons and defeating the Vikings?
- King Harold
- King Alfred the Great (correct answer)
- King John
- King Richard III
Anglo-Saxon kings resisted the Viking invaders, and King Alfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxons and defeated them. However, many Vikings stayed on and settled in Britain, especially in the east and north. King Harold reigned in 1066, King John agreed Magna Carta in 1215, and Richard III died in 1485.
The union of different peoples under the single king Kenneth MacAlpin brought about which of the following?
- The conquest of the Anglo-Saxons by the Vikings
- The unification of the Picts and Scots into one kingdom (correct answer)
- The creation of the Danelaw in eastern England
- The establishment of the Roman province of Britannia
During this period the different peoples living in the north, chiefly the Picts and the Scots, were united under one king, Kenneth MacAlpin, forming a single kingdom that eventually became Scotland. The Danelaw was the area of Viking settlement in England, and Britannia was the earlier Roman name for the province.
The Norman Conquest of 1066 was led by which figure?
- Julius Caesar
- Harold, the Saxon king
- Alfred the Great
- William, Duke of Normandy (correct answer)
In 1066 an invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy, defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England. William became king of England and is known as William the Conqueror. Harold was the king who was defeated, Alfred the Great lived much earlier, and Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion in 55 BC.
At which battle in 1066 did Harold, the Saxon king of England, meet his defeat?
- The Battle of Bannockburn
- The Battle of Hastings (correct answer)
- The Battle of Agincourt
- The Battle of Bosworth Field
The Norman victory of 1066 came at the Battle of Hastings, where Harold, the Saxon king of England, was defeated and killed by the forces of William, Duke of Normandy. Bannockburn (1314) was a Scottish victory, Agincourt (1415) was a battle in the Hundred Years War, and Bosworth Field (1485) ended the Wars of the Roses.
By what title is William, Duke of Normandy, better known after his victory in 1066?
- William the Great
- William the Conqueror (correct answer)
- William the Lionheart
- William the Bruce
After defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and becoming king of England, William, Duke of Normandy, became known as William the Conqueror. The Norman Conquest was the last successful foreign invasion of England and led to many changes in government and social structures.
Why is the Norman Conquest of 1066 considered so significant in British history?
- It was the first Roman invasion
- It ended the Roman occupation
- It introduced Christianity to Britain
- It was the last successful foreign invasion of England (correct answer)
The Norman Conquest in 1066 was the last successful foreign invasion of England and led to many changes in government and social structures in England. Norman French had a strong influence on the English language. Christianity arrived far earlier, and the Roman occupation had already ended in AD 410.
The events of the Norman Conquest, including the Battle of Hastings, are famously depicted in which surviving medieval artwork?
- The Bayeux Tapestry (correct answer)
- The Domesday Book
- The Magna Carta
- The Canterbury Tales
The Bayeux Tapestry is a long embroidered cloth that depicts the Norman Conquest and can still be seen in France today. The Domesday Book was William's great land survey, Magna Carta was a charter of rights agreed in 1215, and The Canterbury Tales was a work of poetry written much later by Geoffrey Chaucer.
William the Conqueror ordered a great survey of England to record who owned the land and what they owed. What is this survey known as?
- The Magna Carta
- The Domesday Book (correct answer)
- The Statute of Rhuddlan
- The Bayeux Tapestry
After the Norman Conquest, William ordered a survey to be made of England, listing all the towns and villages and who owned the land. The record of this survey is known as the Domesday Book. It gives a detailed picture of society at the time. Magna Carta and the Statute of Rhuddlan were later legal documents.
Under the system of land ownership the Normans used, known as feudalism, what did the king expect from his lords in return for land?
- Help in war and the provision of soldiers (correct answer)
- Regular cash rent only
- Nothing at all
- Support only in building churches
The Normans used a system of land ownership known as feudalism. The king gave land to his lords in return for help in war, and in turn the lords had to provide the king with a certain number of men to fight when required. Below the lords, most ordinary people were serfs who worked the land.
In medieval society, most ordinary people who farmed the land and could not move away without their lord's permission were known as what?
- Lords
- Knights
- Serfs (correct answer)
- Bishops
Under feudalism, some peasants had their own land but most were serfs. They had a small area of their lord's land where they could grow food, and in return they had to work for their lord and were not free to move away. Lords, knights and bishops all sat higher in the social order.
By 1200, English rule in Ireland was mostly confined to a fortified area around Dublin known by what name?
- The Pale (correct answer)
- The Danelaw
- The Marches
- The Highlands
During the Middle Ages, English kings tried to control Ireland. By 1200, the English ruled an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin. Beyond the Pale, many of the powerful Irish lords continued to control their own lands. The Danelaw was the earlier area of Viking settlement in England.
Which English king brought Wales under English control, confirmed by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284?
- Henry V
- William the Conqueror
- Edward I (correct answer)
- Richard III
By 1284, King Edward I of England had introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England. To maintain this control, he built a ring of castles including Conwy and Caernarfon. William the Conqueror ruled earlier, while Henry V and Richard III came later.
At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots under Robert the Bruce achieved what outcome against the English?
- They were defeated and Scotland became part of England
- They were forced to accept a Norman king
- They agreed a permanent union with England
- They defeated the English and Scotland remained independent (correct answer)
The Scots resisted English attempts to control their country. In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn, and Scotland remained an independent country for the time being.
The long series of wars fought by English kings against France during the Middle Ages is known as what?
- The Wars of the Roses
- The Norman Conquest
- The Crusades
- The Hundred Years War (correct answer)
During the Middle Ages, English kings fought a long series of wars against France known as the Hundred Years War, even though it did not last exactly 100 years. The Wars of the Roses were later civil wars within England, the Crusades were fought in the Holy Land, and the Norman Conquest was a single invasion in 1066.
At which famous battle of 1415 did King Henry V's greatly outnumbered English army defeat the French?
- The Battle of Agincourt (correct answer)
- The Battle of Bannockburn
- The Battle of Hastings
- The Battle of Bosworth Field
One of the most famous battles of the Hundred Years War was the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, where King Henry V's vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French. Despite such victories, the English were eventually driven out of France in the 1450s. Hastings, Bannockburn and Bosworth Field were fought in different conflicts.
European Christians in the Middle Ages fought a series of religious wars to control the Holy Land. What were these wars called?
- The Crusades (correct answer)
- The Hundred Years War
- The Wars of the Roses
- The Peasants' Revolt
During the Middle Ages, European Christians fought a series of religious wars called the Crusades, aiming to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. English soldiers, including kings, took part. The Hundred Years War was fought against France, the Wars of the Roses were English civil wars, and the Peasants' Revolt was a rebellion at home.
A deadly plague reached Britain in 1348. By what name is it usually known?
- The Great Fire
- The Danelaw
- The Great Plague of London
- The Black Death (correct answer)
In 1348 a disease, probably a form of plague, came to Britain and became known as the Black Death. It was one of the worst disasters ever to strike the country. It should not be confused with the later Great Plague of London in 1665, and the Danelaw refers to the earlier area of Viking settlement.
Approximately what proportion of the population of England is estimated to have died in the Black Death of 1348?
- About one tenth
- About one half
- About one third (correct answer)
- Almost everyone
The Black Death of 1348 killed about a third of the population of England, with similar proportions dying in Scotland and Wales. This huge loss of life caused major social change, including labour shortages and the movement of people from the countryside into the towns.
One long-term result of the Black Death was the emergence of a new class of landowners. What did this class later become known as?
- The gentry (correct answer)
- The serfs
- The clergy
- The Vikings
Because the Black Death left a much smaller population, there were labour shortages and surviving peasants could demand higher wages. New social classes appeared, including owners of large areas of land who later became known as the gentry. Serfs and clergy already existed, and the Vikings were an earlier people.
In 1215, King John was forced by his noblemen to agree to a charter of rights. What is this document called?
- The Domesday Book
- The Statute of Rhuddlan
- The Magna Carta (correct answer)
- The Bill of Rights
In 1215, King John was forced by his noblemen to agree to a number of demands, and the result was a charter of rights called the Magna Carta, which means the Great Charter in Latin. It became an important symbol of political freedom. The Bill of Rights came much later, in 1689.
What important principle did the Magna Carta of 1215 help to establish?
- That the king could ignore the law whenever he wished
- That only the Church could make laws
- That even the king was subject to the law (correct answer)
- That Parliament was no longer needed
The Magna Carta established the important idea that even the king was subject to the law. It protected the rights of the nobility and restricted the king's power to collect taxes or to make or change laws. Over time this principle helped shape the development of Parliament and English liberties.
In medieval England, Parliament gradually developed out of which body?
- The king's council of advisers (correct answer)
- The Roman senate
- The monasteries
- The Viking Danelaw
Parliament developed from the king's council of advisers, which the monarch consulted about important matters such as raising taxes. Over the Middle Ages it grew into a body divided into two Houses. The Roman senate belonged to a much earlier era, and monasteries and the Danelaw were not the origin of Parliament.
By the end of the medieval period, the English Parliament had come to be made up of which two Houses?
- The House of York and the House of Lancaster
- The House of Normandy and the House of Wessex
- The House of Lords and the House of Commons (correct answer)
- The House of Tudor and the House of Stuart
By the end of the Middle Ages, Parliament had two parts. The House of Lords was made up of nobles and bishops, while the House of Commons was made up of knights and wealthy people from the towns. The Houses of York and Lancaster were rival royal families, not parts of Parliament.
In 1381, a major uprising by ordinary working people against high taxes took place in England. It is known as what?
- The Wars of the Roses
- The Peasants' Revolt (correct answer)
- The Crusades
- The Norman Conquest
In 1381 the Peasants' Revolt took place, when ordinary working people rose up in protest against high taxes and other grievances following the upheaval of the Black Death. The Wars of the Roses were later dynastic civil wars, the Crusades were fought abroad, and the Norman Conquest happened in 1066.
During the Middle Ages, which language gradually became dominant, blending Norman French with the Anglo-Saxon language?
- Latin
- English (correct answer)
- Welsh
- Danish
In the years after the Norman Conquest, the ruling classes spoke Norman French while ordinary people spoke Anglo-Saxon English. Over time these blended into one English language, which by the end of the Middle Ages had become the preferred language of the royal court and Parliament, replacing French and Latin.
Geoffrey Chaucer, a poet of the medieval period, is best known for writing which collection of stories in English?
- The Domesday Book
- Magna Carta
- The Canterbury Tales (correct answer)
- The Bayeux Tapestry
In the Middle Ages, the poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a series of poems in English about a group of people going to Canterbury on a pilgrimage. The collection is known as The Canterbury Tales. The Domesday Book and Magna Carta were official documents, not literature, and the Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth.
The civil wars fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York to decide who should be king of England are known as what?
- The Hundred Years War
- The Crusades
- The Wars of the Roses (correct answer)
- The Peasants' Revolt
A series of civil wars broke out in England in 1455 to decide who should be king. They were known as the Wars of the Roses because the two rival sides used a rose as their symbol: a red rose for the House of Lancaster and a white rose for the House of York. The Hundred Years War was fought against France.
In the Wars of the Roses, which rose was the emblem of the House of Lancaster?
- The white rose of the House of York
- The combined Tudor rose
- The cross of St George
- The red rose of Lancaster (correct answer)
During the Wars of the Roses, the House of Lancaster used a red rose as its emblem, while the House of York used a white rose. The wars took their name from these two symbols. When the conflict ended, the two roses were combined into a single Tudor rose, so that emblem came later.
In the Wars of the Roses, which rose was the emblem of the House of York?
- The white rose of York (correct answer)
- The red rose of the House of Lancaster
- The combined Tudor rose
- The cross of St George
The House of York used a white rose as its emblem during the Wars of the Roses, while the House of Lancaster used a red rose. The two competing families fought to decide who should rule England, and the wars are named after these floral symbols. The combined Tudor rose only appeared after the conflict ended.
In which year was the Battle of Bosworth Field fought, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses?
- 1066
- 1215
- 1485 (correct answer)
- 1415
The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485 with the Battle of Bosworth Field. King Richard III of the House of York was killed in the battle, and Henry Tudor, the leader of the House of Lancaster, became King Henry VII. The dates 1066, 1215 and 1415 belong to the Norman Conquest, Magna Carta and Agincourt.
Which king of England was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485?
- King John
- King Harold
- King Richard III (correct answer)
- King Henry V
At the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, King Richard III of the House of York was killed, and Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster took the throne as Henry VII. King John agreed Magna Carta in 1215, King Harold died at Hastings in 1066, and Henry V won at Agincourt in 1415.
Who became king after the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, founding a new royal dynasty?
- Henry Tudor, who became Henry VII (correct answer)
- William the Conqueror
- Robert the Bruce
- Richard III
After winning the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, Henry Tudor became King Henry VII, the first king of the House of Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York, uniting the two rival families. Richard III was the king who was defeated and killed, while William the Conqueror and Robert the Bruce lived in earlier centuries.
After becoming king in 1485, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York. Why was this marriage significant?
- It created the Danelaw
- It gave England control of France
- It ended the Roman occupation
- It united the rival houses of Lancaster and York (correct answer)
Henry VII, of the House of Lancaster, married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of a Yorkist king. This united the two rival families that had fought the Wars of the Roses and helped bring the conflict to a lasting end. Their union is symbolised by the combined red-and-white Tudor rose.
The combined red-and-white rose that became a national symbol at the end of the Wars of the Roses is known as what?
- The York rose
- The Norman rose
- The Lancaster rose
- The Tudor rose (correct answer)
When Henry VII united the houses of Lancaster and York through his marriage to Elizabeth of York, the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York were merged into a single emblem known as the Tudor rose. It remains a well-known symbol of England to this day.
The Normans, who conquered England in 1066, originally came from which region?
- The Holy Land
- Denmark and Norway
- The north of Scotland
- Normandy, in northern France (correct answer)
The Normans came from Normandy, in northern France, and their leader William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066. Although the Normans were themselves descended in part from earlier Viking settlers, by 1066 they were established in France. The Vikings came from Denmark and Norway in a separate, earlier wave of invasions.
FAQ: Early & Medieval History
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